Transylvanian Review

Verbalisation of class gestalt images on the materials of Old German literary monuments

2025-08-10T15:07:36+03:00

Purpose. The aim of the article is to study and analyse literary devices, used in Old German literature for the expression of class gestalt images. Methods. Methods of linguistic analysis, and comparative and historical-cultural analysis were used in the study. Means of descriptive statistics, Pearson’s criterion and Mann — Whitney U-test were used. The use of Cronbach's alpha ensured the verification of the reliability of instruments and methods. Results. The conducted analysis of the comparison of three Old German literary monuments confirmed that there are no significant differences between “Nibelungenlied” and “Beowulf”, which indicates the similarity in their structure and style. However, “Nibelungenlied” differs from “Edda” which certifies significant differences between these works. “Beowulf” also demonstrates significant differences with “Edda”. These results also underline significant similarities between “Nibelungenlied” and “Beowulf”, which are epic poems, and with “Edda”, which is a collection of poems. Conclusion. The study has found that class gestalt images reflect not only images of characters and scenes but also translate features and aspects of collective world perception by Old German Society. The received results expand understanding of linguistic and stylistic peculiarities of Old German literature. Perspectives. Further studies should focus on the expression of gestalt images in modern German literature.

The THE TAXONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE ASTRAGALS SPECIES (FABACEAE) IN FLORA OF AZERBAIJAN

2025-08-10T15:06:52+03:00

The taxonomic analysis of the species Astragalus (Fabaceae Lindl.), in the flora of Azerbaijan is provided. Based on literature data and field studies for the flora of Azerbaijan, the presence of 143 species of Astragalus belonging to the subgenera Astragalus & Cercidothrix was confirmed. It was found that subgenus Astragalus includes 80 species in 27 sections. Native representatives of Astragalus of the subgenus Astragalus are represented by the following number of species (by sections): Malacothrix 10, Caprini 9, Rhacophorus 8, Hypoglottidei and Adiaspastus 5, Alopecuroidei and Aegacantha with 4 species, Glycyphyllos, Hymenostegis, Annulares, Oxyglottis by 3 species each, and the rest by 1-2 species. The subgenus Cercidothrix includes 63 species in 12 sections, and in this section Incani 17, Onobrychoiei 10, Dissitiflori 6, Ornithopodium 5, Hololeuce 4, and the remaining sections are represented by 1-3 species. Based on the analysis of botanical-geographical regions, it was determined that 84 species of the genus Astragalus are found in Nakhchivan MR, 55 species in the Greater Caucasus, 43 in the Lesser Caucasus, 30 in Lankaran (Talish region), and 15 in the Kura plain. Also, the characteristic species found in each botanical-geographical region is mentioned in the article.

GENETIC VARIABILITY AMONG DIVERSE BRASSICA NAPUS GERMPLASM USING MOLECULAR MARKERS

2025-08-10T15:08:10+03:00

Brassica napus is the third most preferable source of edible oil after soybean and palm oil, and an emerging alternative of fossil fuel renown as green energy or biodiesel. The current study was designed to investigate the genetic diversity among 31 distinct genotypes of Brassica napus. Reliable and accurate Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) were used for this purpose. 10 SSRs primers unique to B. napus genotypes were used to identify genomic diversity. Out of 10 SSRs used for 31 genotypes of B. napus a total of 12 alleles were generated. The amplified fragments ranged from 100-480 bp in length and almost all the primers showed maximum polymorphic banding patterns. Out of 10 primers used 9 detected one allele each while the primer PBCESSRNA3 amplified 3 alleles. Almost, a low to high level of genetic similarity was observed among all the genotypes with values ranged from 0-100% however, maximum level (100%) of genetic similarity was among DerBn217 and DerBn215 only, that revealed the genotypes of same origin may share common ancestors. But all other genotypes showed low level or medium level similarity. Genetic similarity values of 0% was observed among ChaBn249 / FaiBn201, SheBn250 / MuzBn211 etc. The cluster analysis based on UPGMA divided all the genotypes into 5 diverse groups comprised of 6, 6, 9, 5 and 5 genotypes, respectively. Group 5 was highly diverse genotypes containing group. The 2D and 3D (Principal Coordinate Analysis) analysis further identified promising genotypes. The observations recorded with 2D analysis indicated 5 diverse genotypes LayBn222, MuzBn211, LhrBn258, OkaBn260 and LhrBn255 on the outskirts, while 3D analysis showed MulBn241, LayBn220 and SheBn250 genotypes. These results could be used as a baseline for future Brassica napus research, evaluation, and breeding selection programs.

Which are the best cereal varieties that should be cultivated under drought and salinity constraints: landraces or recent varieties? A review

2025-08-10T15:09:05+03:00

Owing to climate change in the Mediterranean area, temperature, water scarcity, and salinity are increasing and cereal production has decreased rapidly. Research on varieties that are tolerant to abiotic stresses is currently challenging. The mechanisms by which plants tolerate constraints depend on species, cultivar and even ecotype. In recent years, many countries have been oriented to autochthonous varieties. In this context, the objective of this overview was to compare recent and heritage cereal varieties cultivated under drought and salinity constraints and therefore to determine whether there are differences between genotypes. The literature overview represents mainly, among previous studies, a synthesis of our works carried out in this area. Old varieties are the best adapted to local conditions and exhibit drought and salinity tolerance, while most recent varieties have shown increased susceptibility to water and salt stress. In conclusion, the local varieties of each country should be maintained by farmers and plant breeders to preserve their genetic heritage and to improve cereal grain yield without increasing the use of water and fertilizers.

Study of the mineralization and recharge processes of the Turonian aquifer in an arid zone (Southwestern Algeria)

2025-08-10T15:05:57+03:00

Region of Béchar, located in southwestern Algeria, is characterized by an arid climate with a Saharan tendency and faces increasing water demand due to economic and demographic growth. This study aims to characterize the Turonian aquifer system, which represents a crucial economic water resource for drinking water supply and irrigation. The interpretation of hydrogeological and hydrochemical data has provided insights into the functioning of this aquifer system. The piezometric map reveals a groundwater flow direction from the northeast to the southwest, with an increasing hydraulic gradient towards the Djorf Torba dam. The recharge of the aquifer occurs through meteoric water infiltration and lateral contributions from Atlas aquifers. Hydrochemical analysis has identified dominant chemical facies and assessed water quality for human consumption and agricultural use. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to determine the mineralization processes, mainly influenced by the dissolution of evaporitic formations.

FOSTERING INCLUSIVITY IN EDUCATION FOR PREGNANT LEARNERS: A PERSPECTIVE ANCHORED IN HUMAN RIGHTS

2025-08-10T15:05:28+03:00

Purpose of the article was to examine the way schools foster inclusivity of pregnant learners in schools. Teenage pregnancies represent a significant challenge in South African schools, with many adolescents experiencing pregnancy at alarmingly young ages. Utilizing a qualitative approach with exploratory description, the research involved conducting face-to-face interviews with school principals. These interviews utilized semi-structured questions to guide discussions with principals responsible for overseeing the enrollment of pregnant learners. In a rights-based society, denying education to young girls experiencing early pregnancy runs counter to constitutional and legislative provisions, including the Schools Act of 1996. However, despite these legal protections, some girls continue to face stigma and exclusion from schools due to early pregnancy, leading to disproportionately high dropout rates among teenagers. Addressing teenage pregnancy effectively requires proactive involvement from school principals and schools governing bodies. To address these challenges, schools need standardized guidelines to respond to early pregnancy situations. Such guidelines are crucial to ensure that learners' right to education is upheld uniformly and optimally, while also addressing their healthcare and support needs. By implementing these guidelines, schools can create a conducive learning environment that supports pregnant learners in achieving their educational goals while navigating the complexities of pregnancy and adolescence.

Scientific knowledge and fourth-generation learning skills among university students in Saudi Arabia

2025-08-10T15:06:17+03:00

In light of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and the accompanying Fourth Generation of Learning, it has become important for university students to develop skills aligned with the demands of this transformation. This study assessed scientific knowledge and fourth-generation learning skills, including cognitive, information technology, creative thinking, and problem-solving skills (4GLSs), among University of Jeddah’s students in Saudi Arabia. It aimed to identify 4GLSs based on recent scientific research, construct scales to measure them, define the mechanism of their application and automation, and assess participants’ scientific knowledge and 4GLSs. A questionnaire survey was administered, two pilot studies were conducted to test the measurement scales, and the results confirmed their validity and reliability. Subsequently, a questionnaire survey was sent via official emails to all the undergraduate students at University of Jeddah, regardless of college, gender, academic major, or academic year. Separate questionnaires were distributed for each skill, four official emails sent over one month—one per week. An analytical descriptive approach was used to collect data, which involves studying a phenomenon, analyzing it, and examining its various dimensions to explain it and draw conclusions that contribute to improvement and development. The results revealed that fourth-generation learning skills increased with the academic year. Differences were observed in creative thinking and problem-solving skills, with men scoring higher than women. Additionally, problem-solving skill levels were higher among students in the Faculty of Science than those in the Faculty of Arts. These findings suggest that the university should implement programs to enhance students’ fourth-generation learning skills.

The Students’ affairs and the future course in South African universities

2025-08-10T15:10:38+03:00

To this study, the concepts ‘student affairs’ and ‘student services’ will be used interchangeably to denote both the practice and support offered to students at higher education institutions. Elf got (2005) defines student affairs as a discipline practiced by all of those who work in the general field and its numerous specialities.

It has a body of knowledge, a professional literature, a long-established professional philosophy, a theoretical base (student development theory), and a set of commonly recognised jobs and functions. According to Helf got (2005) student services refer to those programmes, services, and activities provided or made available to students by the division of student affairs, such as, outreach and recruitment, financial aid, admissions and records, academic advising, health and wellness, academic support, etcetera.

The Students’ Affairs department is a critical part within the university system. Student Affairs in a university typically encompasses a variety of units focused on supporting students' academic and personal development it differs from universities to university These units often include areas like student governance, student development, Students counselling, Student Housing unit, campus clinic, disability services, and sometimes career services, financial aid and campus security.

In this article we used the secondary data. The article we look at student shuttle, student affairs practitioners and competences, services offered by student’s affairs, student affairs association, inadequate staff, poor ability development programme of staff, staff motivation.

To look at the students’ affairs, this paper suggested the following: student affairs practitioners they must join the student affairs associations, we need an essential competence for the students affairs practitioners, poor ability development programme of staff, inadequate staff, theoretical bases of the students affairs profession, staff motivation ,minimum requirement and potential future courses.

Navigating Identity and Challenging Norms: Exploring the Experiences of Pakistani Women on Bumble, a Techno-Feminist Perspective

2025-08-10T15:09:17+03:00

This study explores the experiences and challenges faced by Pakistani women using Bumble, a popular online dating platform, within the context of a culturally conservative society. The research aims to address the existing gap in literature by investigating how Pakistani women construct their identities on Bumble and navigate gender roles in a conservative context. Adopting a feminist and techno-feminist perspective, the study examines the interplay between technology and gender roles in the experiences of Pakistani women using Bumble. The qualitative research design incorporates semi-structured interviews with 12 Pakistani women who have used Bumble, focusing on their experiences, perceptions of safety, and reflections on gender and technology use. The findings highlight the positive aspects of Bumble, such as providing a safe space, empowering women to initiate conversations, and challenging traditional gender norms. However, the study also uncovers challenges, including the stigma associated with online dating, uncertainty about others' intentions and identities, and the risk of encountering unwanted advances or harassment. The study concludes by suggesting the need for increased awareness, safety measures, and enforcement of community guidelines to enhance the overall online dating experience for individuals in Pakistan.

Civil Rights of Minorities in International Law

2025-08-10T15:08:55+03:00

The negative character is inherent in the rights of minorities. These rights only require that they not be infringed by governments. In many cases, especially under dictatorial governments, minorities are exposed to harassment, persecution, and the confiscation of rights and freedoms. Therefore, here the negative character plays an important and fundamental role in the field of determining the rights of minorities. Rights are inherent to the human being and are determined by the international community, internal legislation, and international legislation. All constitutions include a provision for human rights. Although the civil rights of minorities are stipulated in the constitutions, they are still only a dead letter and have not reached the stage of actual application of the rules and provisions of the constitutions in many countries. Therefore, minorities continue to suffer from being deprived of their civil rights in many countries.

There must be real guarantees that guarantee the rights of minorities, such as the establishment of a legal committee whose mission is to monitor the extent of the actual application of the principles and provisions of applicable constitutions and laws that stipulate the rights of minorities.

Short Story Writing Experiences and Perceptions for Female Saudi Preparatory-Year Students

2025-08-10T15:06:07+03:00

English-language academics worldwide are interested in novel approaches to teaching writing – the most complex among the four main language skills. This study investigates how writing short stories can be integrated into the curriculum of teaching English as a Foreign Language (EFL) to consolidate students’ knowledge of the language and promote their creative writing skills. It aims to understand students’ experiences in writing fiction and non-fiction short stories. The participants were 20 preparatory-year female Saudi students enrolled in a science track at a public university in Saudi Arabia. Data were obtained from students’ short stories written during an English course and a post-task questionnaire. A mixed-methods explanatory sequential research approach was adopted. Qualitative and quantitative data were derived from the themes explored as well as descriptive statistics of the short stories written by the participants. Qualitative data were obtained from students’ perceptions gauged from their post-task questionnaire responses. Findings indicate that writing short stories effectively reinforced students’ prior English knowledge and encouraged creative and imaginative writing while breaking the monotony of typical classroom procedures. Based on the results and pedagogical implications, recommendations are proposed to minimize the challenges that Saudi writers face in EFL educational settings.

Coefficient inequalities for certain subclass of starlike function with respect to symmetric points related with q-exponential function

2025-08-18T11:10:15+03:00

The purpose of the present work is to define a class of star-like functions with respect to symmetrical points in the domain of exponential functions related to the q-exponential functions. We will determine the possible upper-bound of the third Hankel determinant for the function q-star-like.

The Challenges of Emergency Nurses Team in In Working in Active Conflict area

2025-08-10T15:07:26+03:00

Background: Large-scale emergencies, especially in armed conflict zones, present significant emotional and professional challenges for nurses. In the Middle East, particularly Palestine, recent instability and violence have led to overwhelming workloads in emergency departments (EDs). Nurses, as the largest group of frontline responders, play a crucial role in managing catastrophic incidents and addressing the health needs of affected populations.

Aim: This study aims to identify and analyze the challenges faced by emergency nurses in Palestine who work in active conflict zones.

Methodology: A quantitative, descriptive study design was employed. The research was conducted across emergency departments in seven hospitals located in the North, Middle, and South regions of the West Bank. Data were collected from 171 nurses using a sociodemographic questionnaire and a challenge-specific questionnaire, developed and validated through literature review and expert consultations.

Result: The study revealed that 70% of the nurses were aged between 25-29 years, with 51% being male and 60% married. Most respondents (95%) held a bachelor's degree, 72% had received advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) training, and 68% had advanced trauma life support (ATLS) training. Additionally, 76% of the nurses were informed about critical cases before the patients arrived at the hospital. the main challenges in emergency as the result mention Inadequate number of nurses and physician with percent 60%. There was a significant concern regarding whether the number of nurses was sufficient to manage the demands and pressures specific to active conflict environments.

Recommendation: It is necessary to provide an adequate number of nurses in emergency department to handle the challenges. Qualitative study and other study to understand more about challenge.

Survey on caregivers' burden of care patients with chronic stroke and considerations on the role of the physiotherapist

2025-08-10T15:08:41+03:00

Introduction: Stroke is a leading cause of disability and poses significant challenges not only to patients but also to their caregivers, who often experience considerable psycho-physical burdens. The role of caregivers in the rehabilitation process is crucial, yet the impact of caregiving on their well-being is not fully understood. This study aims to analyze the psycho-physical load on caregivers of chronic stroke patients, evaluate the variables affecting their health, and assess the significance of physiotherapists in improving patient rehabilitation outcomes. Materials: A sample of 30 chronic stroke patients and their caregivers involving home-based rehabilitation services was examined over an eight-week period. The study utilized various scales such as the Short Form Health Survey 36 (SF-36), Barthel Index, Stroke Impact Scale 3.0, Modified Rankin Scale, and Caregiver Burden Inventory to assess the health status of patients and the burden on caregivers before and after the intervention. Results: The study found significant improvements in patient health metrics (SF-36, Barthel Index, Stroke Impact Scale, Modified Rankin Scale) post-rehabilitation. Similarly, a notable reduction in caregiver burden was observed, highlighting the effectiveness of targeted physiotherapy interventions in alleviating the psycho-physical stress on caregivers. Conclusion: Physiotherapists play a critical role in stroke rehabilitation, reducing caregiver burden. Early identification of exhaustion, timely physiotherapy, and multidisciplinary rehabilitation can improve patient independence and quality of life for both patients and caregivers.

The Transformative and Communicative Impact of Digital Marketing in Rural Retailing: The Case of Flagstaff

2025-08-10T15:07:14+03:00

The rise of digital marketing has the potential to reshape consumer engagement and business strategies, particularly in rural retailing, where traditional marketing methods often dominate. This study examines the transformative and communicative impact of digital marketing in rural retailing, with a focus on Flagstaff, South Africa. A quantitative approach was employed, with questionnaires personally administered to retail store operators and management, achieving a response rate of 86.54% from the forty-five responses received out of the fifty-two distributed. Statistical analyses, including chi-square tests and factor analysis, were conducted using SPSS 27.0 to validate the data. The findings indicate that digital marketing plays a crucial role in transforming and sustaining retail businesses by enhancing brand perception, influencing consumer behaviour, and facilitating effective communication. To maximise these benefits, rural retailers should transform their operational strategies to effectively leverage online platforms for improved customer engagement. Additionally, policymakers should support local businesses through resources and training initiatives. This study provides valuable insights into how digital marketing can transform rural retailing, offering important implications for both practitioners and researchers.

HEALTH LITERACY AS A PREVENTIVE MEASURE IN REDUCING AVOIDABLE MORTALITY AMONG ADULTS.

2025-08-10T15:06:30+03:00

Adulthood years are a critical period for the development of lifelong habits, yet they are also associated with increased health risks that can lead to avoidable mortality. These include non-communicable diseases, mental health issues, and risky behaviours such as substance abuse and unprotected sexual activity. Health literacy plays a crucial role in empowering young individuals to make informed decisions and engage in preventive health behaviours that will support them, especially in their productive years. Recent research highlights the positive relationship between health literacy and improved health outcomes, such as better nutrition, increased physical activity, and reduced engagement in risky behaviours, all of which contribute to reducing avoidable mortality. The literature on health literacy underscores its importance not only in guiding individual behaviours but also in fostering a healthier work-life in society. Adults with higher health literacy are more likely to adopt preventive measures, engage in mental health management, and make informed health decisions. Additionally, health literacy supports the navigation of healthcare systems and can reduce the burden on healthcare infrastructures by promoting health-seeking behaviors and the early detection of health issues. The focus of interventions aimed at improving health literacy in young populations includes integrating health education into school curricula, thereby producing productive adults by leveraging on the use of digital tools and improving access to youth-friendly healthcare services. These efforts are crucial for reducing health risks, particularly for vulnerable groups, and for promoting long-term well-being. It explores the relevance to emerging adults health and its potential to reduce avoidable mortality through the promotion of preventive health behaviours. By addressing the key determinants of health and the barriers that hinder health literacy, this work emphasizes the transformative role that health literacy plays in shaping healthier societies. Future research and interventions must focus on enhancing health literacy to combat health inequities and improve public health outcomes for young people globally.

Keywords: Health literacy, Emerging adults, avoidable mortality, preventive health behaviors, public health.

" I found him living on the street”: views of informal caregivers on challenges faced by migrant children

2025-08-10T15:07:45+03:00

This study was aimed at exploring challenges faced by migrant children from their informal caregivers in Johannesburg, South Africa. A qualitative exploratory case study design was adopted. A purposive sampling technique was used to sampled 12 caregivers who care for migrant children and used face-to-face semi-structured interviews. The collected data was analysed thematically to allow caregivers share their own comprehensive narratives on challenges faced by migrant children in Johannesburg, South Africa. The informal caregivers have also shared that migrant children experience multifaceted challenges amongst others including, financial stress due to the loss of the breadwinner through deportation. Some of the children then find themselves homeless and only find basic human needs through informal caregivers. However, even after finding temporary shelter, some of the children are denied access to education, exploited and abused in the community as they were abandoned by their parents. However, they have noticed the resilience in the form of various coping mechanisms that they employed to address their challenges. The study draw conclusion that not only caregivers experience challenges, children in their care face multifaceted challenges. Thus, the paper calls for collaborative efforts from different stakeholders to provide support to migrant children especially after their parents’ deportation.

The Governance of Social Protection Programmes for Poverty Alleviation in Middle-Income Economies in Africa: The Case of Botswana

2025-08-10T15:07:56+03:00

This paper aimed to explore the governance of social protection programmes for Poverty Alleviation in Middle-Income Economies in Africa. This study adopted an explorative qualitative case study design that draws from document analysis to examine the various governance strategies implemented by the Government of Botswana to assess the efficacy of the social protection programmes in alleviating poverty, vulnerability, and inequalities. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data gathered. The data was presented in the form of themes and subthemes. The findings reveal that although vulnerable groups have benefited from government social protection programmes, the wealth of the country is still unequally distributed, hence poverty is still persistent. Furthermore, the governance strategies adopted include stakeholder engagement, public awareness, legislative frameworks, and Department of Social Development monitoring and evaluation strategies. Moreover, the findings indicate that Botswana's social protection programmes frequently struggle from inadequate coordination as they are being implemented under different government administrative structures. In addition, the government is facing capacity limitations as the social workers are overburdened with addressing various social development challenges. Drawing from the assertion above, it is difficult to assess the effectiveness of social protection programmes because there are no recent statistics which show how much was invested by the government and the recipient’s level of satisfaction is not documented. The conclusions drawn from the paper show several caveats that call for the increased role of the government to implement more transparent social protection measures to address structural inequalities and promote citizen empowerment.

Social security for individuals after drug rehabilitation and prison sentence in Hanoi, Vietnam

2025-08-10T15:10:49+03:00

Purpose: The article analyzes the current state of social welfare for released prisoners and drug rehabilitators in Hanoi. It highlights the challenges and opportunities in restoring them into society.

Methods: Article data are compiled from reliable secondary sources of authorities on the current situation and problems of the research target group

Results: The study's findings were that the post-rehab and prison term group faced more challenges than opportunities. The difficulties they face are the lack of financial support policies to start a business. Community stigma and social trust in them inhibit legitimate employment opportunities and indirectly push these people into recidivism.

Value: research proposes solutions such as enhancing psychosocial support and expanding employment opportunities. The goal is to optimize community reintegration, helping these groups improve their lives and recover more effectively. This research provides a new perspective on welfare and social responsibility policies for these individuals